Since forces can be derived from potentials, it is convenient to work with potentials instead, since they are forms of energy. The electrostatic force has the same form as the gravitational force between two mass particles except that the electrostatic force depends on the magnitudes of the charges on the particles (+1 for the proton and −1 for the electron) instead of the magnitudes of the particle masses that govern the gravitational force. The electrostatic force attracting the electron to the proton depends only on the distance between the two particles. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the nucleus about which a single electron moves. This picture was called the planetary model, since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. Use the Rydberg equation to calculate energies of light emitted or absorbed by hydrogen atomsįollowing the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established.Describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.
Vortex gravity is the attraction between moving objects, The construction of vortex gravity theory is construction of the basic theory.Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Furthermore, the problem about the determination of the vortex gravitational field strength Bg and the vortex gravitational constant kg in the solar system is put forward. The establishment of vortex gravitation mechanism can generally solve the kinematic problems of vortex gravitation caused by the motion of objects in physics, geophysics and astronomy. Therefore, the explanation that Mercury precession is caused by planets such as earth is fetched and unreasonable. which also proves the rationality and effectiveness of establishing the mechanism of vortex gravity. Through the analysis and calculation in this paper, the precession value of mercury produced by vortex gravity is 5025.6", which is different from the observed value 5600", the deviation is -10.26%. The author suggests, only by the mechanism of vortex gravity can reveal their operation law and unity of operation. The precession of Foucault’s pendulum, the precession of the Earth and the precession of Mercury are objective phenomena, for which there are many different explanations. The vortex gravity mechanism of moving objects is established to solve the objective problem of vortex gravity. Forming the integrity and completeness of gravity theory, these complement each other. Gravitation is generated between static objects, while vortex gravity is generated between moving objects. The relationship between the structure of hydrogen atom and the evolution of the universe is also discussed. The fundamental problem of quantum mechanics is that the theoretical formula of photoelectric effect is not correct, which is demonstrated in this paper. The ground state energy atom and radius of Bohr hydrogen is derived under the condition that the basic theory has problems and the theoretical formula is set to, which has no experimental basis. hydrogen atom radius is calculated by using energy, which verifies the correctness of charge momentum and charge kinetic energy and their experimental basis. This ground state energy is basically consistent with the Balmer system of hydrogen atomic spectrum Electron around the nuclear velocity.
Based on experiments, this paper analyzes and calculates the combined energy of hydrogen, lithium and oxygen atoms, hydrogen atom radius and the ground state energy of hydrogen atom are obtained. For the same electron of the hydrogen atom, the left side of the equation is the mechanical kinetic energy, the right side of the equation is the charge energy, the fundamental properties and the concept of energy are split. According to the charge momentum and charge kinetic energy, it is proved that the key problem of the basic theory of Bohr hydrogen atom is that equation does not hold.
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